122 FIRST AID FOR SIMPLE EMERGENCIES

of the wound, if bleeding is venous; if arterial, a physician should be summoned anyway, and even if the bleeding has been stanched it should be watched, pending the physician's arrival. The tourniquet should be used only in serious cases and not over a prolonged period. In any case, don't let excitement lead you to forget to keep operations clean.

4. Sprains.—The main object is to keep affected joint from moving and to prevent swelling. Immediate application of cold helps the latter and the former can be controlled by using adhesive tape to stop motion and give support. In case of ankle dislocation (the commonest) good support is afforded by applying a long, wide strip, starting a little below the knee on the outside of the leg then passing it under the front part of the heel and carrying it up the other side of the leg, with the foot tilted somewhat toward the side of the injury. Narrower overlapping strips, placed horizontally about, above and below the ankle bones complete the job. Knee injuries are more serious and the patient should be carried out if possible. 5. Dislocations.—Especially those of ankle and elbow frequently occur along with fractures. If dislocation can be handled by gentle method of traction, it can be handled as a sprain. Never use leverage in handling. If dislocation cannot be easily reduced, get patient into a comfortable position, immobilize parts with splints or other means and get to a surgeon as soon as possible.

In cases where a patient must be carried out a stretcher frame, consisting of two long poles and two crotch spreaders, can be made. Two coats are stretched on the frame to complete the device. The crotch spreaders are made each of two pieces shaped like a long-stemmed Y, the stems lashed together so as to form one stick with the crotches as the extremities. The latter fit over the poles and serve to keep the poles the proper distance apart.

HIKING TIMES AND DISTANCE TABLE

The hiking times are based on a speed of 2 miles per hour, plus 1/2 hour for each thousand feet of climbing. This does not include time out to rest, enjoy the scenery or for trips to lookouts on side trails, but is intended to be only the Actual Hiking Time for an average hiker, with a moderate pack. Neither does it include time used on an approach trail. Allowances should be made for time used in resting, taking pictures, lunching, etc., between shelters.

In using the table, note that it reads up on one side and down on the other, like some railroad time tables. To find the distance and hiking time between two camps, note that the distance and hiking time are found at the left (northbound) or at the right (southbound) of the name of the second camp.

TOTAL DISTANCES AND HIKING TIMES

Northbound.—Blackinton, Mass. to Journey's End Camp, via all shelters, 267.4 miles, 169 hours, actual hiking time. Mass.-Vt. State Line to Canada (Post, No. 592), via all shelters, 263.3 miles, 166 hours.

Southbound.—Journey's End Camp to Blackinton, Mass., via all shelters, 168 hours, actual hiking time. Canada (Post, No. 592) to Mass.-Vt. State Line, via all shelters, 165.5 hours, actual hiking time.